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AI Ethics and Governance Guidance

The World Health Organization (WHO) is releasing new guidance on the ethics and governance of large multimodal models (LMMs)—a type of fast growing generative artificial intelligence (AI) technology with applications across health care.

The guidance outlines over 40 recommendations for consideration by governments, technology companies, and health care providers to ensure the appropriate use of LMMs to promote and protect the health of populations.

LMMs can accept one or more types of data inputs, such as text, videos, and images, and generate diverse outputs not limited to the type of data inputted. LMMs are unique in their mimicry of human communication and ability to carry out tasks they were not explicitly programmed to perform. LMMs have been adopted faster than any consumer application in history, with several platforms—such as ChatGPT, Bard, and Bert—entering the public consciousness in 2023.

“Generative AI technologies have the potential to improve health care but only if those who develop, regulate, and use these technologies identify and fully account for the associated risks,” says Jeremy Farrar, PhD, WHO chief scientist. “We need transparent information and policies to manage the design, development, and use of LMMs to achieve better health outcomes and overcome persisting health inequities.”

Potential Benefits and Risks
The new WHO guidance outlines the following five broad applications of LMMs for health:

• diagnosis and clinical care, such as responding to patients’ written queries;

• patient-guided use, such as for investigating symptoms and treatment;

• clerical and administrative tasks, such as documenting and summarizing patient visits within EHRs;

• medical and nursing education, including providing trainees with simulated patient encounters, and;

• scientific research and drug development, including to identify new compounds.

While LMMs are starting to be used for specific health-related purposes, there are also documented risks of producing false, inaccurate, biased, or incomplete statements, which could harm people using such information in making health decisions. Furthermore, LMMs may be trained on data that are of poor quality or biased, whether by race, ethnicity, ancestry, sex, gender identity, or age.

The guidance also details broader risks to health systems, such as accessibility and affordability of the best-performing LMMs. LMMS can also encourage “automation bias” by health care professionals and patients, whereby errors that would otherwise have been identified or difficult choices are improperly delegated to a LMM. LMMs, like other forms of AI, are also vulnerable to cybersecurity risks that could endanger patient information or the trustworthiness of these algorithms and the provision of health care more broadly.

To create safe and effective LMMs, WHO underlines the need for engagement of various stakeholders: governments, technology companies, health care providers, patients, and civil society, in all stages of development and deployment of such technologies, including their oversight and regulation.

“Governments from all countries must cooperatively lead efforts to effectively regulate the development and use of AI technologies, such as LMMs,” says Alain Labrique, PhD, WHO director for digital health and innovation in the science division.

Key Recommendations
The new WHO guidance includes recommendations for governments, who have the primary responsibility to set standards for the development and deployment of LMMs, and their integration and use for public health and medical purposes. For example, governments should do the following:

• Invest in or provide not-for-profit or public infrastructure, including computing power and public data sets, accessible to developers in the public, private, and not-for-profit sectors, that requires users to adhere to ethical principles and values in exchange for access.

• Use laws, policies, and regulations to ensure that LMMs and applications used in health care and medicine, irrespective of the risk or benefit associated with the AI technology, meet ethical obligations and human rights standards that affect, for example, a person’s dignity, autonomy, or privacy.

• Assign an existing or new regulatory agency to assess and approve LMMs and applications intended for use in health care or medicine—as resources permit.

• Introduce mandatory postrelease auditing and impact assessments, including for data protection and human rights, by independent third parties when an LMM is deployed on a large scale. The auditing and impact assessments should be published and should include outcomes and impacts disaggregated by the type of user, including, for example, by age, race, or disability.

The guidance also includes the following key recommendations for developers of LMMs, who should ensure that:

• LMMs are designed not only by scientists and engineers. Potential users and all direct and indirect stakeholders, including medical providers, scientific researchers, health care professionals, and patients, should be engaged from the early stages of AI development in structured, inclusive, transparent design and given opportunities to raise ethical issues, voice concerns, and provide input for the AI application under consideration.

• LMMs are designed to perform well-defined tasks with the necessary accuracy and reliability to improve the capacity of health systems and advance patient interests. Developers should also be able to predict and understand potential secondary outcomes.

— Source: World Health Organization